Sleep as a Developmental Process: A Systematic Review of Cognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Outcomes in Children Aged 6–12 Years

Abstract

Sleep is essential for child development, influencing cognition, emotional regulation, behavior, and physical health. Recent studies increasingly frame sleep as both a key developmental process and a modifiable factor shaped by, and shaping environmental risks—including digital screen exposure and psychosocial stress. This systematic review synthesized empirical findings from cross-sectional and cohort studies published between 2019 and 2024 on the associations between sleep duration, quality, and patterns and developmental outcomes in typically developing children aged 6–12 years. Searches were conducted in EBSCO, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, yielding 99 records, of which 20 met inclusion criteria. Methodological quality was evaluated using Joanna Briggs Institute tools. Findings show consistent associations between better sleep and enhanced cognitive performance, emotional well-being, and reduced behavioral problems. Some studies identified sleep as a mediator between screen use and behavioral difficulties, whit additional moderating effects related to gender and socioeconomic status. However, most studies used cross-sectional designs and self-reported measures, limiting causal interpretation. Overall, sleep emerge as a potentially modifiable factor influencing developmental outcomes, based on correlational evidence. Future research should prioritize longitudinal and ecologically valid designs, objective measures, and computational approaches to identify sleep-related risk profiles and guide early interventions.